Applications of Input/Output Interface

I/O Interface: 
There is need of surface whenever any CPU wants to communicate with I/O devices. The interface is used to interpret address which is generated by CPU. Thus, surface is used to communicate to I/O devices i.e. to share information between CPU and I/O devices interface is used which is called as I/O Interface. 

Various applications of I/O Interface: 
Application of I/O is that we can say interface have access to open any file without any kind of information about file i.e., even basic information of file is unknown. It also has feature that it can be used to also add new devices to computer system even it does not cause any kind of interrupt to operating system. It can also used to abstract differences in I/O devices by identifying general kinds. The access to each of general kind is through standardized set of function which is called as interface. 

Each type of operating system has its own category for interface of device-drivers. The device which is given may ship with multiple device-drivers-for instance, drivers for Windows, Linux, AIX and Mac OS, devices may is varied by dimensions which is as illustrated in the following table : 
 

S.No.	Basis	Alteration	Example
1.	Mode of Data-transfer	character or block	terminal disk
2.	Method of Accessing data	sequential or random	modem, CD-ROM
3.	Transfer schedule	synchronous or asynchronous	tape, keyboard
4.	Sharing methods	dedicated or sharable	tape, keyboard
5.	Speed of device	latency, seek time, transfer rate, delay between operations
6.	I/O Interface	read only, write only, read-write	CD-ROM graphics controller disk

1. Character-stream or Block: 
   A character stream or block both transfers data in form of bytes. The difference between both of them is that character-stream transfers bytes in linear way i.e., one after another whereas block transfers whole byte in single unit.
2. Sequential or Random Access: 
   To transfer data in fixed order determined by device, we use sequential device whereas user to instruct device to seek to any of data storage locations, random-access device is used.
3. Synchronous or Asynchronous: 
   Data transfers with predictable response times is performed by synchronous device, in coordination with others aspects of system. An irregular or unpredictable response times not coordinated with other computer events is exhibits by an asynchronous device.
4. Sharable or Dedicated: 
   Several processes or threads can be used concurrently by sharable device; whereas dedicated device cannot.
5. Speed of Operation: 
   The speed of device has range set which is of few bytes per second to few giga-bytes per second.
6. Read-write, read only, write-only: 
   Different devices perform different operations, some supports both input and output, but others supports only one data transfer direction either input or output.